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Typical backup and restore strategies employ three related methods for recording data to any medium: Full dumps Incremental dumps Snapshots A full dump involves taking a copy of an entire file system, or set of file systems, and copying it to a backup medium. Historically, large file systems take a long time to back up because of slow tape speeds and poor I/O performance, which can be improved by using the incremental method. An incremental dump is an iterative method that involves taking a baseline dump on a regular basis (usually once every week) and then taking another dump of only those files that have changed since the previous full dump. Although this approach may require the maintenance of complex lists of files and file sizes, it reduces the overall time to back up a file system because, on most file systems, only a small proportion of the total number of files changes from week to week. This reduces the overall load on the backup server and improves tape performance by minimizing friction on drive heads. However, using incremental backups can increase the time to restore a system, as up to seven (one for each day of the week) backup tapes must be processed to restore data files fully. Seven tapes are required so that a single tape can be assigned to each day. Therefore, using incremental dumps enables you to strike a balance between convenience and the requirement for a speedy restore in the event of an emergency. Many sites use a

Part IV:

Some of the more recent DVDs and Blu-Rays you purchase have two versions of the movie: one for your DVD or Blu-Ray player and an extra digital copy that can be loaded automatically into iTunes. Usually, you will see text on the outside of the DVD box that states there is an extra Digital Copy for your Computer. You can check whether this copy exists by inserting the DVD into your computer s DVD drive and opening iTunes. If the digital copy exists, then iTunes will automatically detect it and ask whether you would like to import the movie. CAUTION: Most DVDs or Blu-Rays you own probably do not provide this extra digital version, which is meant to be loaded and watched on your computer or mobile devices. These standard DVDs or Blu-Rays are copy-protected and cannot normally be loaded into iTunes. However, if you do a web search for load DVD into iTunes, you may find some software products (such as Handbrake at http://handbrake.fr) that allow you to rip or burn your DVDs into iTunes. We strongly urge you to obey copyright laws; if you use software like this, you should only use the DVD on your own computer or iPhone and never share the movie or otherwise violate the copyright agreement.

combination of incremental and full daily dumps on multiple media to ensure that full restores can be performed rapidly and to ensure redundant recording of key data. A snapshot is a very fast way to store recovery metadata for a UNIX File System (UFS) on a raw device or within an existing file system. Every time a change is made to data or metadata on the snapped file system, the original data is copied to the snapshot copy before the modification is processed. This means that if you overwrite or delete a file accidentally, you can easily retrieve it from the snapshot; so, a snapshot is more like a backup that occurs in real time. A snapshot is incremental, too, because it only occurs when data changes. Using snapshots for retrieval is much faster than going to backup tapes, because the data is stored on a mounted file system. However, as you can appreciate, if your disk contents change frequently, then a large amount of online storage is required to implement snapshotting. After deciding on an incremental or full dump backup strategy, and appropriate use of snapshots, you need to plan how backups can be integrated into an existing network. There are four possible configurations that can be considered: The simplest approach is to attach a single backup device to each server so that the server acts as its own backup host: